Quantum Technologies Bring Promise and Peril to Cybersecurity
The ability to control specific quantum systems and harness quantum phenomena is what is currently causing a quantum revolution. While quantum technologies can potentially revolutionise various industries, including pharmaceuticals, climate modelling, and financial portfolio management, they bring a significant cybersecurity challenge.
Computational Superiority and Cryptographic Threats
By leveraging their computational advantages, Quantum technologies can solve complex problems far superior to those of traditional computers. However, this newfound computational power poses a darker side to cybersecurity. The ability of quantum technologies to break widely used cryptographic algorithms raises concerns about data confidentiality and integrity.
Quantum Technologies' Dual Role in Cybersecurity
While quantum technologies can enhance cybersecurity measures, they can also breach widely relied-upon cryptographic algorithms, potentially compromising confidential data. The emergence of cryptographically relevant quantum computers (CRQCs) with the ability to break codes at an unprecedented speed poses a significant threat.
Addressing the Quantum Threat: A Call for Urgent Action
Despite experts projecting that CRQCs may take 5–10 years to emerge and become viable in the next 30 years, the urgency to address the threat is paramount. Two key reasons underscore the need for immediate action: the potential storage and subsequent decryption of sensitive encrypted data with a CRQC ("hack now, decrypt later") and the time-consuming transition to new, more resilient cryptographic systems.
Quantum AI and the Future of Security
Looking ahead, the fusion of advanced quantum cryptography with robust AI systems could pave the way for "Quantum AI." This revolutionary combination enables the development of quantum machine learning algorithms capable of analysing and predicting outcomes based on vast datasets.
Europe's Stance and the Urgency for Coordinated Strategies
Europe, a leader in publicly funded quantum technologies, needs to catch up on policies related to migration to quantum-resistant cryptography and quantum vulnerability assessment. The CEPS Task Force on Quantum Technologies and Cybersecurity emphasises the need for a coordinated European strategy, urging the funnelling of EU funding into quantum-resistant cryptography, IT system migration best practices, and cryptographic agility.
EU-US Collaboration and Responsible Governance
With its ad hoc task force on quantum, the EU-US Trade and Technology Council can play a pivotal role in facilitating transparency, information exchange, and cooperation. Responsible governance principles for quantum technologies should encompass safeguarding against risks, engaging stakeholders in the development process, addressing societal issues, and promoting equitable access and ethically aligned development.
Seizing the Quantum Challenge
As quantum technologies evolve at an unprecedented pace, EU leaders face a critical juncture. Adopting a coordinated European strategy, international collaboration, and standardisation is imperative. The urgency lies in addressing immediate threats and shaping a future where quantum technologies contribute to better societies and a more sustainable future. The key question is whether EU leaders will seize the moment and rise to the quantum challenge.